OECD | Mines to Market

The gold and bullion industry has long been a symbol of wealth, stability, and prosperity. However, its allure has also made it an attractive avenue for money laundering activities. Criminal enterprises and illicit networks exploit the industry's high value, global demand, and relative anonymity to conceal the origins of illicit funds. This practice poses a significant threat to financial systems, undermines regulatory frameworks, and impacts the global economy. Money laundering in the gold and bullion industry often involves the conversion of illegal funds into legitimate assets through a series of transactions. Gold is often purchased with large sums of cash, allowing launderers to bypass the banking system and its stringent anti-money laundering (AML) regulations. These transactions are particularly common in regions where cash is the primary medium of exchange. Criminal networks smuggle gold across borders to avoid taxes, duties, and scrutiny. Smuggled gold can then be sold in local markets or refined, making its origins harder to trace. In Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML), gold is misrepresented in trade documents to overvalue or undervalue shipments. This creates discrepancies that can be exploited to transfer illicit funds under the guise of legitimate trade. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) operations, which often lack formal oversight, are vulnerable to exploitation. Criminals mix illicit gold with legally mined gold, obscuring its origins. Refining gold erases its physical characteristics, making it nearly impossible to trace its source. Criminals use refineries to legitimize ‘dirty’ gold and integrate it into the formal market. Regulatory challenges The gold and bullion industry faces unique challenges in combating money laundering. The gold market plays a pivotal role in money laundering, serving as an excellent vehicle for illicit funds due to its rapid turnover and global demand. These attributes, coupled with relatively lax regulation in certain regions, make it easier to manipulate. Gold transactions often lack the level of scrutiny found in more traditional financial systems, providing a convenient platform for criminals to exploit. Gold and other precious metals offer an attractive cover for transferring assets unseen. Inconsistent trade patterns within the gold sector serve to aggravate its risk and vulnerability, with unrecorded artisanal mining and the conflict gold trade playing significant roles in muddying the waters. These factors combined create a complex and challenging ecosystem to monitor and regulate, facilitating money laundering activities. The gold market's vulnerabilities, coupled with its global demand, further enhance its attractiveness to criminals. Its high value, rapid turnover, and the ease in conducting gold transactions makes it an attractive proposition for criminals aiming to launder money. It’s the inconsistencies within the gold sector that lend themselves to exploitation. Inconsistent trade patterns and regulatory loopholes can veil illicit funds, making the detection of such activities significantly challenging, thus contributing to the risk of money laundering through gold. Regulatory challenges in gold trade include gold’s compact and high-value nature makes it easy to transport and conceal, and many transactions in the gold industry occur outside formal financial institutions, reducing the effectiveness of existing AML regulations. The international nature of the gold market complicates enforcement. Gold often moves across multiple jurisdictions, each with its own regulatory standards. Informal and unregulated gold markets, particularly in developing countries, are prime targets for money launderers. Impact Money laundering tarnished the reputation of the gold and bullion industry. It discourages legitimate investment, distorts market prices, and undermines consumer trust. Moreover, it facilitates other criminal activities, including terrorism financing, human trafficking, and organized crime, by providing a channel for converting illegal proceeds into usable assets. Risk assessment in the gold sector is a high-priority process that is implemented to identify risk and vulnerability within the industry. Due to the rapid turnover of precious metals in the bullion market, there is a growing concern of financial crimes such as money laundering happening in the background. Money laundering through gold involves a series of steps to disguise the illicit origin of funds. First, launderers acquire gold, often from illegal sources such as mining operations in conflict zones or criminal activities. This gold is then melted and recast into various forms, such as bullion, jewellery, or coins, to obscure its original source. The gold is then transported to legitimate businesses, such as jewellery stores, gold refineries, or pawn shops, where it is sold or exchanged for other assets. The proceeds from these transactions are then further laundered through a series of complex financial transactions to make it difficult to trace back to the original illicit source. This process can involve layering funds through multiple accounts, smurfing (breaking large sums of money into smaller transactions), and using shell companies to obscure ownership. Ultimately, the laundered funds can be used for various purposes, including financing illegal activities, purchasing luxury goods, or investing in legitimate businesses. Global efforts to combat money laundering Governments, international organizations, and industry stakeholders are implementing measures to curb money laundering in the gold sector include stricter regulations, KYC and reporting standards, collaboration among nations, traceability technologies, and public awareness campaigns. Authorities are tightening anti-money laundering laws and requiring more robust due diligence from gold dealers, refiners, and traders. Know Your Customer (KYC) protocols and mandatory reporting of suspicious transactions are being enforced more rigorously. Cross-border cooperation is essential to address the transnational nature of gold-related money laundering. Agencies like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) are working to harmonize regulations globally. Blockchain and other digital tools are being explored to track gold through the supply chain, ensuring transparency and accountability. Educating stakeholders about the risks and consequences of money laundering in the gold industry is crucial to fostering compliance and vigilance. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has emerged as a major player in the global gold industry over the past few decades, with Dubai serving as one of the largest gold trading hubs in the world. UAE, and particularly the emirate of Dubai, has acquired the moniker "the city of gold" with a good cause. In 2020, gold accounted for 29 percent of the nation's overall non-oil foreign trade exports, and the UAE is presently the fourth biggest country in the world for gold imports, accounting for 11 percent of all worldwide gold exports. However, this growth has also brought with it an increased risk of money laundering, with the gold industry being a common route for illicit funds to enter the financial system. Despite efforts by regulators to combat money laundering, there have been several high-profile cases involving the UAE's gold industry in recent years. A double-edged sword The Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC), the world's largest free zone of its kind, to the bustling gold souks and vast malls that house high-end fashion and jewellery brands, all combine to entice tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of individuals and enterprises to serve in the precious metals and stones sector in the nation. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and gold enterprise organizations such as the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) have all highlighted the financial crime and supply chain risks associated with the trade-in gold from conflict and high-risk areas, as have media and civil society reports. Nonetheless, a number of legislative and regulatory gaps and deficiencies in the UAE's anti-money laundering, and counter-terrorism financing (AML/CFT) framework have enabled the trade in conflict and high-risk gold to grow. Comprehending the battle gold business and its associated predicate offenses and financial crime risks, particularly in the UAE, will assist financial institutions, policymakers, law enforcement agencies, refiners, electronics, jewellery, and other companies in more effectively addressing risks and disrupting the illicit flows fuelling violence and corruption in East and Central Africa. Meanwhile, a tiny but developing conflict-free gold industry supports artisanal mining communities in the area. It needs much more assistance in legislative reforms and finance to help legalize and incentivize responsible, conflict-free artisanal mining. The FATF, the global financial watchdog, released a study in 2020 warning about the growing unlawful sector of gold trafficking in the UAE. According to the research, the nation faces a significant danger of ‘money laundering, terrorist financing, and funding of weapons of mass destruction.’ It is apparent that the UAE is a source of financial crimes such as money laundering, terrorist funding, and gold smuggling, owing to its lax customs laws for monitoring gold transactions. For example, gold merchants in the Middle Eastern financial center are not required to provide any documentation of transactions or where their gold comes from. Lack of due diligence In addition, the UAE's gold trading business lacks insufficient due diligence processes. Gold dealers, for example, are not obliged by any AML compliance system to check the provenance or transactions of the gold they are purchasing or selling. Another significant vulnerability in the UAE's gold industry, according to an advisory report from The Sentry, is that gold refiners are not required to conduct third-party audits and instead get the gold directly from jewellers and merchants in ‘souqs.’ According to a 2020 FATF assessment, the UAE is especially susceptible to large-scale money laundering for various reasons, including its cash-intensive economy and illegal gold trade brought in by a diverse range of foreign residents. In addition, illegally acquired gold may be used to launder money since it needs no verification when purchasing or selling, making the gold trade ideal for cleaning black money. United States and United Kingdom act The United States and United Kingdom have launched a new round of sanctions aimed at disrupting the illicit gold trade, which, as per the United Kingdom, is allegedly funding Russian President Vladimir Putin's military operations in Ukraine and backing corruption. The United Kingdom government imposed asset freezes on four people that it said were accused of involvement in illicit Russian gold trade. "Illicit gold is an assault on the legitimate trade of a valuable commodity, fuelling corruption, undermining the rule of law, and entrenching human rights abuses such as child labour. Russia uses the illicit gold trade to launder money and evade sanctions, in doing so bolstering Putin's war efforts." the British Foreign Office said in a statement. Both countries joined forces to disrupt a massive global money laundering network used by wealthy Russians to evade sanctions. The United States imposed sanctions on 28 individuals and businesses allegedly involved in a global gold smuggling and money laundering network based in Zimbabwe. The network is accused of bribing officials, hiding ownership through trusted supporters, and creating a complex web of businesses to conceal illicit activities, said the US Treasury Department in a statement. Conclusion Money laundering in the gold and bullion industry is a complex and multifaceted issue requiring coordinated efforts from governments, industry players, and international organizations. While significant strides are being made to enhance transparency and strengthen regulations, continued vigilance and innovation are essential to safeguard the integrity of this vital sector. Only through sustained collaboration can the gold industry maintain its reputation as a symbol of trust and stability in the global economy.

Tag: OECD

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